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Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Low levels suggest anemia. Iron status, bone marrow health, and hydration can affect hemoglobin values.

RBC, or Red Blood Cell count, indicates the number of oxygen-carrying cells. Abnormal counts can suggest anemia or hydration issues. Factors influencing RBC include bone marrow function and overall health.

Hematocrit (HCT) shows the portion of blood made of red blood cells. It provides insight into oxygen-carrying capacity. Dehydration, lung health, and bone marrow function can influence HCT values.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells. It is key for classifying types of anemia. Bone marrow function and iron status play roles in MCV levels.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) gauges the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is used in anemia diagnosis. Factors affecting MCHC include iron status and bone marrow health.

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) indicates the variation in red blood cell size. It is used to diagnose and classify anemia. Bone marrow function and iron status can influence RDW.

WBC, or White Blood Cell count, measures immune cells in the blood. High or low levels can suggest infections or other conditions. Immune function, bone marrow health, and certain diseases can affect WBC values.

Platelets are small blood cells vital for clotting. Abnormal counts can suggest bleeding disorders or certain diseases. Bone marrow function, immune health, and certain conditions can influence platelet counts.

Neutrophils are white blood cells crucial for fighting bacterial infections. Abnormal levels can suggest infections, inflammation, or other conditions. Factors include immune responses, certain medications, and bone marrow health.

Lymphocytes play a role in the body's immune response, targeting viruses and cancers. Abnormal counts can indicate viral infections or immune disorders. Immune health, certain diseases, and bone marrow function can influence lymphocyte levels.

Monocytes are white blood cells that become macrophages, essential for fighting infections. Elevated or reduced levels can hint at chronic inflammation or certain diseases. Factors influencing monocyte counts include immune function and overall health.

Eosinophils fight parasites and are involved in allergic reactions. High counts can suggest allergies or parasitic infections. Allergic conditions, certain medications, and immune responses can impact eosinophil levels.

Basophils are involved in allergic responses. Elevated levels are rare but can suggest certain blood disorders. Allergies, immune function, and certain conditions can influence basophil counts.

nRBC, or nucleated Red Blood Cells, are immature RBCs. Presence in the bloodstream can hint at bone marrow stress or diseases. Bone marrow health and certain conditions can impact nRBC presence.

Blasts are immature blood cells. Elevated levels in the bloodstream can be a sign of certain blood cancers. Factors influencing blasts include bone marrow function and specific diseases.

Sodium is an essential mineral responsible for maintaining fluid balance in the body. Abnormal levels, either too high or too low, can indicate dysfunction in numerous bodily systems or medication side effects. Sodium balance is primarily influenced by dietary intake and kidney function.

Potassium is a critical mineral that ensures proper nerve and muscle cell functioning. Imbalances can cause arrhythmias or muscle weakness. The body's potassium levels are largely affected by dietary intake, kidney function, and certain medications.

Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism. Elevated levels in the blood can indicate impaired kidney function, as the kidneys are responsible for its filtration and excretion. Factors influencing creatinine include muscle mass, age, and kidney health.

eGFR, or estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, is a measure of kidney function. A low eGFR indicates that the kidneys may not be filtering the blood effectively. It is calculated using age, sex, creatinine levels, and other factors.

Urea is a waste product formed from protein breakdown. Elevated blood urea levels can suggest reduced kidney function, as kidneys play a role in its removal. Dietary protein intake, hydration status, and kidney function can influence urea levels.

The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) test is a diagnostic tool used to assess kidney function and detect signs of kidney damage, particularly related to conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found in the liver. Elevated ALT levels in the blood can indicate liver damage or inflammation. Factors like alcohol consumption, medications, or certain diseases can impact ALT levels.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is another enzyme originating from the liver and some other organs. Elevated levels can signal liver injury or other tissue damage. Various factors, including liver health, medications, and alcohol, can influence AST values.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme linked to the liver and the bones. High levels can suggest liver disease or bone disorders. Age, bone growth, and liver health are among the factors affecting ALP.

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a liver enzyme. An increase in its levels often points to liver disease or bile duct issues. Alcohol consumption and certain medications can also raise GGT levels.

Total bilirubin is derived from the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). High levels can cause jaundice and suggest liver dysfunction or certain types of anemia. Factors like liver health and rapid RBC breakdown influence bilirubin levels.

Albumin is a significant protein the liver produces. Decreased levels can hint at liver or kidney disorders, or malnutrition. The state of liver function and nutritional status play a role in determining albumin levels.

TSH regulates thyroid function. Abnormal levels can suggest a thyroid that is overactive or underactive. TSH levels are influenced by the pituitary gland's response to thyroid hormone levels.

Magnesium is a mineral vital for muscle, nerve, and enzyme functions. Imbalanced levels can lead to muscle cramps or cardiac issues. Dietary intake, kidney health, and certain medications can affect magnesium levels.

Vitamin B12 is essential for nerve function and DNA formation. Deficiency can result in fatigue and neurological issues. B12 levels are influenced by diet, absorption efficiency, and certain medications.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron. Low levels typically indicate iron deficiency, while high levels might suggest inflammation or iron overload. Factors like iron intake, inflammation, and certain conditions can impact ferritin values.

Iron is a crucial mineral for producing red blood cells. Imbalances can lead to conditions like anemia or iron overload. Dietary intake, absorption rates, and blood loss influence iron levels.

TIBC measures the blood's capacity to bind iron. Elevated TIBC often indicates iron-deficiency anemia. Factors affecting TIBC include iron status and liver function.

The saturation index indicates the percentage of iron-binding sites occupied by iron. It is crucial for diagnosing iron-related disorders. Iron levels and TIBC values determine the saturation index.

Folate is a B-vitamin necessary for DNA synthesis. It is especially important to maintain at optimal levels in pregnancy. Dietary intake and absorption rates play roles in folate levels.

Hemoglobin A1c, or A1c provides a snapshot of average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. It is a key indicator of diabetes management and risk. Factors that can influence A1c levels include blood sugar control, diet, and medication adherence.

Fasting plasma glucose measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast. It is a primary tool for diagnosing diabetes. Elevated levels can indicate the body's inability to regulate sugar effectively. Diet, pancreatic function, and insulin sensitivity play roles in determining these levels.

Fasting insulin levels give insight into how much insulin the body is producing when you have not eaten. Elevated levels can suggest insulin resistance, a precursor to diabetes. Factors that influence fasting insulin include diet, activity level, and overall metabolic health.

*Only available for in-clinic draws

Calcium is vital for bone health and muscle function. Imbalances can suggest bone disorders or issues with the parathyroid gland. Factors include dietary intake, vitamin D levels, and kidney function.

Phosphate is essential for energy production and bone health. Abnormal levels can point to kidney disease or calcium metabolism issues. Dietary intake, kidney health, and parathyroid function influence phosphate levels.

Vitamin D helps in calcium absorption and bone health. Low levels can lead to bone loss or other disorders. Sun exposure, diet, and absorption rates can affect vitamin D levels.

Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays a key role in supporting bone health, density and strength as well as libido and sexual function. Testosterone is primarily produced by the testes in males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries in females. 98% of testosterone is found bound to carrier proteins (sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and to a lesser degree albumin). Between 1-3% is free, unbound testosterone. Total testosterone measures the testosterone that is biologically active (bound to albumin, but not SHBG) along with that which is inactive.

Free testosterone refers to the portion of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins, such as sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. This form of testosterone is considered the active form because it can easily enter cells and exert its biological effects. Free testosterone is a crucial factor in various bodily functions, including libido, muscle mass maintenance, bone density, and mood regulation. While total testosterone levels are essential, free testosterone levels provide a more accurate representation of the hormone's availability for cellular uptake, utilization and better correlates with signs and symptoms.